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Social stigma is the extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society. Stigma may then be affixed to such a person, by the ''greater'' society, who differs from their cultural norms. Social stigma can result from the perception of mental disorder, physical disabilities, diseases such as leprosy (see leprosy stigma),〔Jopling WH. Leprosy Stigma. Lepr Rev 62,1-12,1991〕 illegitimacy, sexual orientation, gender identity,〔Preamble of The Yogyakarta Principles and UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity〕 skin tone, education, nationality, ethnicity, ideology, religion (or lack of religion〔 〕〔(Atheists Attacked in Hate Crime? )〕) or criminality. Attributes associated with social stigma often vary depending on the geopolitical and corresponding sociopolitical contexts employed by society, in different parts of the world. According to Goffman there are three forms of social stigma:〔Erving Goffman (1963). ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity''. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-671-62244-7.〕 # Overt or external deformations, such as scars, physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy (leprosy stigma), or of a physical disability or social disability, such as obesity. # Deviations in personal traits, including mental disorder, drug addiction, alcoholism, and criminal background, are stigmatized in this way. # "Tribal stigmas" are traits, (imagined or real), of ethnic group, nationality, or of religion that is deemed to be a deviation from the prevailing normative ethnicity, nationality or religion. ==Description== Stigma is a Greek word that in its origins referred to a type of marking or tattoo that was cut or burned into the skin of criminals, slaves, or traitors in order to visibly identify them as blemished or morally polluted persons. These individuals were to be avoided or shunned, particularly in public places.〔Healthline Network Inc., 2007〕 Social stigmas can occur in many different forms. The most common deals with culture, obesity, gender, race, illness and disease. Many people who have been stigmatized, feel as though they are transforming from a whole person to a tainted one. They feel different and devalued by others. This can happen in the workplace, educational settings, health care, the criminal justice system, and even in their own family. For example, the parents of overweight women are less likely to pay for their daughters' college education than are the parents of average-weight women.〔 Stigma may also be described as a label that associates a person to a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype. It is also affixed. Once people identify and label your differences others will assume that is just how things are and the person will remain stigmatized until the stigmatizing attribute is undetected. A considerable amount of generalization is required to create groups, meaning that you put someone in a general group regardless of how well they actually fit into that group. However, the attributes that society selects differ according to time and place. What is considered out of place in one society could be the norm in another. When society categorizes individuals into certain groups the labeled person is subjected to status loss and discrimination.〔 Society will start to form expectations about those groups once the cultural stereotype is secured. Stigma may affect the behavior of those who are stigmatized. Those who are stereotyped often start to act in ways that their stigmatizers expect of them. It not only changes their behavior, but it also shapes their emotions and beliefs.〔 Members of stigmatized social groups often face prejudice that causes depression (i.e. deprejudice).〔name="Cox et al. (2012)">〕 These stigmas put a person's social identity in threatening situations, like low self-esteem. Because of this, identity theories have become highly researched. Identity threat theories can go hand-in-hand with labeling theory. Members of stigmatized groups start to become aware that they aren't being treated the same way and know they are probably being discriminated against. Studies have shown that "by 10 years of age, most children are aware of cultural stereotypes of different groups in society, and children who are members of stigmatized groups are aware of cultural types at an even younger age." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「social stigma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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